metallography

Microstructure examination is a metallurgical technique used to study the internal structure of metals and alloys. By preparing, polishing, etching, and examining a specimen under a microscope, engineers can evaluate grain size, phases, inclusions, and defects. It is an essential tool for quality control, heat treatment verification, failure analysis, weld inspection, and materials research, helping ensure that components meet performance and reliability requirements.

The Weld Penetration Test (Macro Etch Test) is a destructive metallurgical examination used to verify the depth of weld penetration, fusion, and internal weld quality. A cross-section of the weld is prepared, polished, and etched to reveal the weld profile, allowing inspection of penetration, HAZ, fusion line, and internal defects. It is widely used for welder qualification, welding procedure qualification, production quality control, and failure investigations to ensure welded joints meet design and code requirements.